Authentic & Non-Authentic Material.

Authentic Materials

Authentic Materials are language materials that were originally intended for native speakers, not second-language learners.
We offer an Authentic Materials Guide that provides in-depth information about the nature of Authentic Materials and resources for their use. On this site we also offer Authentic Materials.
For example: Menus, Letters, some publication and many others.

Using authentic materials

Using authentic materials is one of the mainstays of an imaginative and motivating higher level course, but rarely features at levels lower than intermediate. There are several reasons for this, primarily a kind of fear that students will panic when faced with language that is largely unfamiliar, and a feeling that to prevent this the language should be edited to the students' level.
In teaching language for learning purposes, the educators’ main goal is to provide learners with the linguistic knowledge about the language. This knowledge includes grammatical rules, vocabulary lists and other linguistic codes. The underlying premise of this approach is that by informing learners about the language, it will help them decode a text in the target language. order to decode the text. Under these circumstances, the language educators tend to create teaching materials that are specifically designed to teach the linguistic concepts of the language.

Non-Authentic Material

Usually the non-authentic material does not have the characteristics of real-life language. It typically consists of the linguistic items that aim to teach or advance learners’ knowledge about the language. An example of a non-authentic text is passages from textbooks that were created by the authors to illustrate or practice new linguistic items. The semi-authentic material tries to include the characteristics of real-life language, but at the same time still focus mainly on teaching and reinforcing the language goals. The latter includes newspapers in easy Hebrew or edited stories.

LINKS

http://www.difusion.com.mx/ulatina/
www.onestopenglish.com
www.mep.go.cr

American Holidays

Although the United States is young compared to other countries, its culture and traditions are rich because of the contributions made by the many groups of people who have come to its shores over the past two centuries. Hundreds of regional holidays have originated from the geography, climate and history of the different parts of the country. Each state holds its own annual fair with local themes and music; and some celebrate the day on which they joined the Union and became a state.
One other day that most Americans observe, even though it is not an official holiday, is February 14, Valentine's Day, named for an early Christian martyr whose feast day was once observed on that day. On this day, Americans give special symbolic gifts to people them love. They also send special greeting cards called Valentines to such people. Most commonly, the gifts are candy or flowers.
Other holidays such as "Groundhog Day" (February 2) are whimsically observed, at least in the media. The day is associated with folklore which has grown up in rural America. It is believed, by some, if the groundhog or woodchuck comes out of its hole in the ground and sees its shadow on that day it will become frightened and jump back in. This means there will be at least six more weeks of winter. If it doesn't see its shadow, it will not be afraid and spring will begin shortly.
Flag Day is observed in the United States to commemorate the adoption of the Stars and Stripes by the Continental Congress on June 14, 1777.
Most of the celebrating of New Year's Day takes place the night before, when Americans gather in homes or restaurants or other public places to enjoy good food and to wish each other a happy and prosperous year ahead. Balloons and paper streamers, fire crackers and other noisemakers are all around at midnight when the old year passes away and the New Year arrives. Thousands throng to the Times Square celebration in New York to count down to the New Year - a celebration that's carried live on TV networks across the U.S.


Fabruary 14: Valentine day
Traditional celebration of love and romance, including the exchange of cards, candy, flowers, and other gifts. This celebration are in Costa Rica and United State in the same date.

Easter
Celebrates the Christian believe in the resureccion of Jessus . For Christians, Easter is a day of religious services and the gathering of family. Many Americans follow old traditions of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving children baskets of candy. On the next day, Easter Monday, the presidents of United Stated holds an annual Easter egg hunt on the white house lawn for young children. The holiday is also often celebrated as a nonsectarian spring holiday. Not generally observed by most businesses. Some financial markets and other businesses close on the Friday prior, Good Friday (which is a state holiday in many states). Roman Catholic and Protestant groups celebrate Easter on a different Sunday (most years) than Orthodox groups.


October 31: Halloween
Celebrates All Hallow's Eve, decorations include jack lanterns, costume wearing parties, and candy such as candy corn are also part of the holiday. Kids go trick or treates to neighbors who give away candy.


Labor Day
This holiday, which always is observed on the first Monday of September has been a federal holiday since 1894, but was observed in some places before that day as a result of a campaign by an early organization of workers called the Knights of Labor. Its purpose is to honor the nation's working people. In many cities the day is marked by parades of working people representing the labor unions.
Most Americans consider Labor Day the end of the summer, and the beaches and other popular resort areas are packed with people enjoying one last three-day weekend. For many students it marks the opening of the school year.
President Days
Until the mid-1970s, the February 22 birthday of George Washington, hero of the Revolutionary War and first president of the United States, was a national holiday. In addition, the February 12 birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the president during the Civil War (1861-1865), was a holiday in most states.
In the 1970s, Congress declared that in order to honor all past presidents of the United States, a single holiday, to be called Presidents' Day, would be observed on the third Monday in February. In many states, however, the holiday continues to be known as George Washington's birthday.

This article was searched in. www.4uth.gov.ua/usa/english/facts/holidays/holida12

Address of my Classmates

Prof. Carlos Mayorga http://www.universidadlatina.blogspot.com/
Charles Blake http://www.charlesblake.blogspot.com/
Karen Rojas www.milena29.blogspot.com
Karol Martinez www.karitol1304.blogspot.com
Vismark Obando http://www.visrico.blogspot.com/
Deykelin Vargas http://www.deykelincita.blogspot.com/
Bernardita http://www.sexualaddiction-angel.blogspot.com
Nidia Gayle http://www.nidiagayle.blogspot.com/
Alejandra Moya http://www.alemoya.blogspot.com/
Marisol Muñoz http://www.marisolma.blogspot.com/
Luis Paulino Viquez http://www.lpvd1985.blogspot.com/
Jocelyn Mata Ordoñez www.jocelynmata.blogspot.com/

Andrew Mc Lean. http://www.mcleanfuller.blogspot.com/
Jonssin Soto http://www.jonssinsq.blogspot.com/
Natalia Lobo http://www.natalialobo.blogspot.com/
Meybel Mora http://www.meybel.blogspot.com/
Oscar Conejo http://www.conejo85.blogspot.com/
Oriana Garcia http://www.agarcia22877.blogspot.com/
Heiner Pereira http://www.heinerpc.blogspot.com/
Carlos Victor http://www.carlossequeirav.blogspot.com/
Zoraida Cedeño http://www.zoraidamateriales.blogspot.com/

Nanotechnology

Made by: Karol Martinez Mena

The nanotechnology was firstly used by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical society meeting . He showed a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed and used one set of precise tools to build.

The Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. Usually this is called molecular nanotechnology or molecular manufacturing, because it will let us make most products stronger, smarter, cheaper, cleaner and more precise.

“Nan technological techniques include used semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition. However are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of nanotechnology research”.
If nanotechnology is going to revolutionise manufacturing, health care, energy supply, communications and probably defence, then it will transform labour and the workplace, the medical system, the transportation, power infrastructures and the military and advance technology like a cell phones, DVD, cameras and other things.

Advantage

• Atomically engineered food and crops resulting in greater agricultural productivity with less labour requirements.

• Nutritionally enhanced interactive ‘smart’ foods.

• Cheap and powerful energy generation.

• Clean and highly efficient manufacturing.

• Radically improved formulation of drugs, diagnostics and organ replacement.

• Interactive ‘smart’ appliances; and increased human performance through convergent technologies.

• We could inexpensively make very strong and very light materials.
  

• We could make surgical instruments of such precision and deftness that they could operate on the cells and even molecules from which we are made -- something well beyond today's medical technology.

• New products that solve new problems in new ways are more difficult to foresee, yet their impact is likely to be even greater.
  
• In the future, even weapons as small as a single bullet could pack more computer power than the largest supercomputer in existence today, allowing them to perform real time image analysis of their surroundings and communicate with weapons tracking systems to acquire and navigate to targets with greater precision and control.

• We could develop a medical technology that for the first time would let us directly heal the injuries at the molecular and cellular level that are the root causes of disease and ill health.With the precision of drugs combined with the intelligent guidance of the surgeon's scalpel, we can expect a quantum leap in our medical capabilities.

Disadvantages

There is growing body of scientific evidence which demonstrates the potential for some nanomaterial to be danger to humans or the environment.The greater it’s surface area to volume ratio and the higher its chemical reactivity and biological activity.
Nanomaterials can damage access to the blood stream following inhalation or ingestion. At least some nanomaterials can penetrate the skin; even larger micro particles may penetrate skin and this can to cause acne, eczema, or severe sunburn. Once in the blood stream, nanomaterials can be transported around the body and are taken up by organs and tissues including the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, bone marrow and nervous system.

Finally the NANOTECHNOLOGY is very important, because while grew up the technology advances is a big benefit from the people, because this advantage produced that many things with difficult process will be more easy to do.
The people cant to avail of this advance especially for the cell phones that are fashion and necessary instruments. Nowadays are more small than before that appear the nanotechnology; at this moment almost all of the citizen of Costa Rica have one, in contrast someone don’t have, this is specially because they live in withdraw place.